How to Examine Your Dog’s Mouth

Regularly examining your dog’s mouth is crucial for maintaining their overall health. Early detection of oral problems can prevent discomfort, serious complications, and costly veterinary treatments. This guide will walk you through a thorough oral examination, identifying signs of potential issues and when professional veterinary attention is necessary.

I. Recognizing the Need for an Oral Examination:

Several signs may indicate a need for a closer look inside your dog’s mouth. These include:

Sudden changes in eating and drinking habits: A decrease in appetite, difficulty chewing or swallowing, or excessive drooling can all point towards oral or related problems.

Visible oral abnormalities: Noticeable changes in your dog’s mouth, such as swelling, redness, bleeding, or unusual growths, warrant immediate attention.

Bad breath (Halitosis): While some breath odor is normal, a persistently foul smell often signals an underlying issue, such as periodontal disease or an infection.

Pawing at the mouth: If your dog persistently paws or rubs at their mouth, it may indicate pain or discomfort.

Swollen or painful lymph nodes under the jaw: Inflammation in the lymph nodes can be a symptom of an infection or disease in the mouth.

II. Techniques for Examining Your Dog’s Mouth:

There are two primary methods for opening your dog’s mouth:

A. Manual Opening:

This method requires gentle and careful handling to avoid causing your dog stress or injury.

1. Secure your dog: Have a helper restrain your dog, preferably by gently holding them in a comfortable, non-threatening position. Avoid unnecessary force or restraint that might cause your dog to become agitated.

2. Open the mouth: Gently but firmly place your thumbs on either side of your dog’s mouth, near the corners of their lips. Use your index fingers to gently pull down on the lower jaw. This should open the mouth sufficiently for a basic examination.

B. Using an Oral Speculum:

For a more thorough examination or if your dog is resistant to manual opening, a specialized oral speculum can be used. This requires experience and should ideally be performed by a veterinarian or experienced veterinary technician. Improper use of a speculum can injure your pet.

III. What to Look For During the Examination:

A comprehensive oral examination involves observing several key aspects:

Salivation (Drooling): Excessive drooling can indicate various problems, including stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth), difficulty swallowing (due to throat or esophageal issues), poisoning (e.g., salt poisoning, organophosphate poisoning), or nutritional deficiencies (like scurvy). Normal salivation is minimal.

Odor: Healthy dogs may have a slightly moist mouth with a minimal odor. A foul odor often suggests infection or disease. A putrid smell can indicate conditions like periodontal disease or necrotizing stomatitis.

Lips: Observe for any swelling, discoloration, asymmetry, or lesions. Drooping lips could suggest facial nerve paralysis, poisoning, or even rabies (a veterinary emergency).

Mucous Membranes: Check the color, moisture level, and temperature of the gums and inner cheeks. Pale gums can suggest anemia, while excessively red gums may indicate inflammation. Dryness can indicate dehydration.

Tongue: Examine the tongue for any discoloration, swelling, lesions, or unusual growths.

Teeth: Carefully inspect each tooth for signs of:

Fractures: Chips or breaks in the teeth can lead to infection and pain.

Missing teeth: Note any missing teeth and their location.

Plaque and Tartar: Buildup of plaque and tartar can lead to periodontal disease.

Loose teeth: Check the stability of each tooth.

Discoloration: Yellow or brown discoloration may indicate staining or decay.

Gum disease (Gingivitis/Periodontitis): Look for signs of red, swollen, or bleeding gums. Receding gums expose the tooth roots, making them vulnerable to infection.

Bite: Observe the alignment of the upper and lower jaws. Malocclusion (improper bite) can cause dental problems.

Palate: Examine the roof of the mouth for any abnormalities.

IV. When to Seek Veterinary Care:

Any of the following should prompt an immediate veterinary visit:

Excessive drooling

Significant bad breath

Swelling or pain in the mouth

Difficulty eating or drinking

Bleeding gums

Loose or broken teeth

Visible masses or growths

Any concerning changes in your dog’s behavior

V. Maintaining Your Dog’s Oral Health:

Regular dental care is crucial for preventing oral problems. This includes:

Daily brushing: Use a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste.

Dental chews: Provide appropriate dental chews to help remove plaque.

Professional cleanings: Schedule regular professional dental cleanings with your veterinarian.

By diligently examining your dog’s mouth and addressing any concerns promptly, you can significantly improve their quality of life and prevent serious health complications. Remember, early detection is key to successful treatment.