What to Do When Your Dog Has Glaucoma: Is Canine Glaucoma Curable?

Glaucoma, a debilitating eye condition affecting the retina and optic nerve, can also strike our canine companions. Characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), this disease leads to vision loss, eye pain, and ultimately, blindness if left untreated. Early diagnosis and prompt intervention are crucial for managing this condition and preserving your dog’s sight.

Understanding Canine Glaucoma

Canine glaucoma manifests in two primary forms: primary and secondary.

Primary Glaucoma: This form is often breed-predisposed, with certain breeds exhibiting a higher incidence. Breeds like Cocker Spaniels, Beagles, Siberian Huskies, Basset Hounds, Chow Chows, Poodles, Maltese, and Shih Tzus are statistically more likely to develop primary glaucoma. The underlying cause isn’t fully understood but may involve genetic factors affecting the drainage system of the eye. The onset typically occurs between 4 and 9 years of age, though it can manifest earlier or later.

Secondary Glaucoma: This type arises as a complication of other eye conditions. Conditions like uveitis (inflammation of the uvea), retinal detachment, lens luxation (dislocation of the lens), hemorrhage within the eye, and other eye injuries can obstruct the outflow of aqueous humor, leading to a build-up of pressure and subsequent glaucoma. Breeds such as Boston Terriers, Dalmatians, and West Highland White Terriers are more prone to secondary glaucoma due to their increased susceptibility to lens luxation. The average age of onset for secondary glaucoma related to lens luxation is between 2 and 6 years old.

Diagnosing Glaucoma in Dogs

Recognizing the signs of glaucoma is critical for timely intervention. Symptoms can develop rapidly (within 1-2 days) or gradually over several months. Key diagnostic indicators include:

Rapidly Diminishing or Slowed Pupillary Light Reflex: Your dog’s pupils may react slowly or not at all to light.

Reddened Conjunctiva (the white part of the eye): Inflammation is a common sign.

Eye Pain and Discomfort: Your dog may exhibit signs of discomfort such as pawing at the eye or rubbing it.

Corneal Edema (swelling of the cornea): The cornea may appear cloudy or hazy.

Bulging Eye (Buphthalmos): The affected eye may appear larger and more prominent than the unaffected eye, especially noticeable from the side.

Elevated Intraocular Pressure (IOP): A veterinary ophthalmologist will use a tonometer to measure the IOP. Elevated IOP is the hallmark of glaucoma.

Treatment Options for Canine Glaucoma

Treatment aims to lower IOP and preserve remaining vision. The approach varies depending on the severity of the condition and the individual dog’s response.

Medication: In the early stages, medications can effectively reduce IOP. These may include topical drops like corticosteroids (e.g., 1% dexamethasone) and miotics (e.g., 2% pilocarpine). However, atropine should be avoided. Later in the disease’s progression, oral medications like dichlorphenamide may be used, often alongside potassium supplementation. While medication can slow the progression, it’s rarely curative.

Surgery: For advanced glaucoma or cases unresponsive to medication, surgery may be necessary. Surgical options include laser procedures (to create drainage channels), filtering surgeries (to create a new outflow pathway for aqueous humor), and cyclodestructive procedures (to reduce the production of aqueous humor). The choice of surgery depends on the specifics of the case.

Supportive Care: Pain management is essential, especially in acute glaucoma. Veterinarians might prescribe pain relievers to keep your dog comfortable.

The Prognosis and Long-Term Management

Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive condition. While treatment can significantly slow or halt disease progression and improve quality of life, a complete cure is generally not achievable. Without prompt treatment within the first year of diagnosis, there’s a substantial risk (approximately 40%) of complete blindness.

Long-term management typically includes regular veterinary ophthalmology check-ups to monitor IOP, evaluate the progression of the disease, and adjust treatment as needed. Ongoing medication may be necessary. Early detection and consistent veterinary care greatly improve the odds of preserving vision and managing the discomfort associated with glaucoma.

Prevention and Early Detection

While there is no guaranteed prevention for primary glaucoma (linked to genetics), regular veterinary check-ups, particularly for breeds predisposed to the disease, are highly recommended. Early detection allows for timely intervention and a better chance of preserving vision.

If you notice any changes in your dog’s eyes—cloudiness, redness, bulging, or changes in pupillary response—seek veterinary attention immediately. Prompt veterinary care is essential in the battle against glaucoma and safeguarding your dog’s sight. Don’t delay; early intervention can make a world of difference.