Canine Urinary Stones: What They Are and How to Treat Them

Canine urinary stones, also known as uroliths, are a prevalent and painful urinary tract condition affecting dogs of all breeds, though certain breeds show a higher predisposition. These stones are mineral deposits that form within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The condition causes significant discomfort and can lead to severe complications if left untreated, even potentially resulting in death. Therefore, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for the well-being of your canine companion.

What are Canine Urinary Stones?

Canine urinary stones are solid masses formed from mineral crystals that accumulate in the urinary tract. The formation of these stones is a complex process involving various factors, and the exact composition of the stone determines the appropriate treatment strategy. Several types of urinary stones can affect dogs, including:

Struvite stones (Magnesium ammonium phosphate): These are the most common type of stone and often associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs). They are typically larger and less hard than other types.

Calcium oxalate stones: These are the second most common type and are harder than struvite stones. They are often smaller and can be more difficult to treat.

Urate stones: These stones are composed of uric acid and are more common in Dalmatians and other breeds with specific genetic predispositions.

Cystine stones: These are relatively rare stones linked to a genetic disorder affecting the metabolism of cystine, an amino acid.

Calcium phosphate stones: Less common than struvite or calcium oxalate stones.

The location of the stone within the urinary tract dictates the severity and presentation of clinical signs. Stones located in the kidneys (nephroliths) may initially be asymptomatic, whereas stones obstructing the ureters (ureteroliths), bladder (cystoliths), or urethra (urethroliths) cause immediate and potentially life-threatening problems.

Symptoms of Canine Urinary Stones

The symptoms displayed by a dog with urinary stones can vary considerably depending on the size, location, number, and type of stones, as well as the presence of concurrent infections. However, some common signs to watch for include:

Straining to urinate: This is often a primary indicator, even before noticeable changes in urine output. The dog may repeatedly attempt to urinate with minimal success, exhibiting visible signs of discomfort or pain.

Frequent urination: The dog may urinate more often than usual, but in smaller amounts.

Bloody urine (hematuria): The presence of blood in the urine, which can range from a subtle pink discoloration to a bright red color, signifies potential urinary tract damage caused by the stones.

Painful urination (dysuria): Your dog may vocalize, whimper, or show signs of discomfort during urination.

Urinary incontinence: In some cases, the dog may leak urine unintentionally.

Increased thirst (polydipsia): The kidneys might work harder to compensate for the obstruction.

Decreased appetite (anorexia): Due to pain and general discomfort.

Lethargy and weakness: This often indicates that the kidneys aren’t functioning properly.

Vomiting: A consequence of the body’s response to toxins accumulating as the kidneys fail.

Dehydration: A life-threatening consequence of prolonged inability to urinate.

Abdominal pain: Palpation of the abdomen may reveal a distended and painful bladder.

Treatment of Canine Urinary Stones

The treatment approach depends on the stone type, size, location, and the severity of the clinical signs. Several options exist:

Dietary Management: This involves modifying the dog’s diet to alter the urine pH and inhibit further stone formation. Special prescription diets are available to help dissolve certain types of stones or prevent recurrence. This is often the primary method of managing struvite stones.

Medical Management: Medication may be used to dissolve certain types of stones, control infections, and manage pain. This may involve the use of antibiotics to address bacterial infections.

Minimally Invasive Procedures: In some cases, smaller stones can be broken down using ultrasound or laser lithotripsy. This technique requires specialized equipment and is not always suitable for all types of stones or locations.

Surgical Intervention: If medical or minimally invasive approaches are not successful, surgery may be necessary to remove the stones. This usually involves a cystotomy, which is a surgical incision into the bladder to remove the stones. In severe cases, removal of the affected kidney may be required.

Fluid Therapy: Increasing fluid intake is crucial, both to flush out the urinary tract and help dissolve some types of stones. Subcutaneous or intravenous fluids may be administered, especially in cases of severe dehydration.

Preventing Recurrence of Canine Urinary Stones

Preventing recurrence is vital once the initial problem has been addressed. This involves a multifaceted approach:

Long-term dietary management: Continued feeding of a prescription diet tailored to the type of stones the dog previously had is often necessary.

Increased water intake: Encourage frequent water consumption to help dilute urine and prevent crystal formation.

Regular veterinary check-ups: Monitoring urine pH and performing regular urinalysis helps detect early signs of recurrence.

Monitoring for UTIs: Prompt treatment of urinary tract infections prevents the development of struvite stones.

In conclusion, canine urinary stones are a serious condition requiring prompt veterinary attention. Early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and consistent follow-up care are essential to ensure the comfort and long-term health of your furry friend. Remember to always consult your veterinarian for a proper diagnosis and personalized treatment plan tailored to your dog’s specific circumstances.