Why Do Dogs Get Periodontal Disease? How Is It Treated?

Periodontal disease, also known as periodontal disease, is an acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the periodontium—the gums, periodontal pockets, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone surrounding the teeth. It’s a common problem in dogs, causing significant discomfort and potentially leading to serious health complications if left untreated. Understanding the causes and effective treatment methods is crucial for canine well-being.

I. Causes of Canine Periodontal Disease:

Periodontal disease in dogs is a multifaceted issue stemming from a complex interplay of factors. These can be broadly categorized as:

A. Microbial Factors: The primary culprits are bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that accumulate in the mouth.

Bacterial Factors: Numerous bacteria contribute to periodontal disease, including spirochetes and fusobacteria, which are normal inhabitants of the canine oral cavity but can become pathogenic under certain conditions. These bacteria can cause necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and stomatitis. Specific bacteria like Leptospira canicola and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (responsible for leptospirosis) can also cause oral infections, although their primary impact is systemic. The accumulation of these bacteria, along with other oral microorganisms, within plaque and tartar, creates a hostile environment for the gums and supporting bone structures.

Fungal Factors: Fungi such as Candida albicans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Histoplasma capsulatum can also contribute to oral inflammation and periodontal disease, particularly in immunocompromised dogs. Fungal infections can manifest as lesions on the gums, tongue, and other oral tissues, often exacerbating existing periodontal problems.

B. Physical Factors: Physical trauma to the oral cavity can initiate or worsen periodontal disease.

Foreign Body Ingestion: Dogs that ingest foreign objects like wood splinters, wire, fishhooks, thorns, or needles can suffer oral injuries leading to inflammation and ulceration, providing entry points for infection and potentially contributing to periodontal disease.

Chemical Irritation: Ingestion of heavy metals or caustic substances, or even accidental contact with electrical wires, can cause chemical burns and inflammation in the mouth, predisposing the dog to periodontal problems. These injuries can damage soft tissues and compromise the integrity of the tooth enamel and gums, making them more susceptible to infection.

C. Immune-Mediated Factors:

In some cases, periodontal disease might be linked to immune system dysfunction. Oral lesions can spread from the lips and mucous membranes to the tongue and gums, creating a widespread inflammatory response. Autoimmune disorders or compromised immune function can make dogs more vulnerable to oral infections and hinder the body’s ability to effectively fight off periodontal pathogens.

D. Metabolic Factors: Underlying systemic health issues can significantly contribute to the development or severity of periodontal disease.

Chronic Kidney Disease: Dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), often accompanied by dehydration, can experience xerostomia (dry mouth), creating an environment conducive to bacterial growth and worsening periodontal disease. The reduced salivary flow reduces the natural cleansing action of saliva, allowing plaque and tartar to accumulate more readily.

Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes mellitus leads to impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to infections, including those affecting the oral cavity. Poorly controlled blood sugar levels can further impair wound healing, hindering the resolution of periodontal inflammation.

Endocrine Disorders: Hypothyroidism and hypoparathyroidism can also manifest as oral mucosal ulcers and contribute to periodontal disease. These hormonal imbalances can disrupt normal physiological processes affecting the gums and supporting tissues.

Nutritional Deficiencies: Vitamin deficiencies, especially those of B vitamins, can compromise oral health and exacerbate periodontal disease. Adequate nutrition is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the gums and the immune response needed to fight infection.

Gastrointestinal Issues: Chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers can sometimes be associated with oral manifestations, potentially influencing the development or severity of periodontal disease.

II. Diagnosis of Canine Periodontal Disease:

Diagnosing periodontal disease usually involves a combination of clinical examination and, in some cases, radiographic imaging. Key diagnostic features include:

Clinical Signs: Halitosis (bad breath), excessive salivation, swollen, reddened, or receding gums, exposed tooth roots, loose teeth, and purulent discharge from the gums (which might be expressed upon gentle palpation).

Behavioral Changes: Affected dogs may show signs of oral pain, exhibiting reluctance to eat hard food, vocalizing when eating, or avoiding food altogether. They might also drool excessively or protrude their tongue. Chronic cases can lead to weight loss due to difficulty in eating.

Oral Examination: A thorough oral examination will reveal varying degrees of gingival inflammation, ulceration, or granulation tissue formation.

Radiographic Findings: Radiographs (X-rays) can reveal localized bone loss around the affected teeth, indicative of alveolar bone destruction, a hallmark of advanced periodontal disease.

III. Prevention and Treatment of Canine Periodontal Disease:

Treatment focuses on removing the cause of inflammation, controlling infection, and preventing further damage.

Professional Cleaning: Under general anesthesia, a thorough professional cleaning is necessary to remove plaque, tartar, and food debris from above and below the gum line. This is critical for addressing existing infection and preventing reoccurrence.

Polishing: After scaling, polishing the teeth helps to create a smooth surface that makes it less likely for plaque and tartar to adhere.

Tooth Extraction: Loose or severely damaged teeth should be extracted. Extraction may also be necessary for teeth with persistent, intractable periodontal disease, removing a source of ongoing infection.

Gingivectomy: If gingival hyperplasia (excessive gum tissue) is present, it may be surgically removed (gingivectomy).

Post-operative Care: After professional cleaning or surgery, topical application of iodine glycerin can help with healing. Systemic antibiotics, B-complex vitamins, and niacin might be prescribed to address infection and promote overall health.

Home Care: Regular home dental care is essential for prevention and management. This includes brushing the teeth daily with a pet-specific toothpaste, using dental chews and toys designed to help remove plaque, and providing a balanced diet. Regular veterinary checkups for oral health assessments are also crucial.

IV. Prognosis:

The prognosis for canine periodontal disease varies depending on the severity of the disease at the time of diagnosis and the response to treatment. Early intervention is key to minimizing damage and preserving the teeth. In advanced cases, where significant bone loss has already occurred, tooth extraction may be necessary. However, even with extensive treatment, maintaining good oral hygiene is crucial to prevent recurrence. Untreated periodontal disease can lead to serious health complications, such as systemic infections, kidney disease, and cardiovascular problems. Regular veterinary care, including preventative dental checkups and professional cleaning, are crucial for maintaining your dog’s oral and overall health.