《犬常见的外内科疾病（三）》

Common Canine Surgical and Internal Diseases (Part 3)

This article continues our exploration of common diseases affecting canine companions, focusing on surgical and internal conditions beyond those discussed in the previous installments. While Part 1 and 2 addressed specific issues like intestinal obstruction, hematomas, and fractures, this section delves into a broader range of ailments requiring veterinary attention. Accurate diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for optimal outcomes.

I. Umbilical Hernia

Umbilical hernias are relatively common, particularly in puppies, often presenting as a congenital defect. The hernia manifests as a soft, round swelling near the navel. While small umbilical hernias may resolve spontaneously within the first six months of life, larger ones necessitate surgical repair. Delayed treatment risks complications such as intestinal strangulation, leading to severe abdominal pain, vomiting (potentially with fecal odor), fever, and respiratory distress. Diagnosis requires differentiating the hernia from other masses, potentially utilizing radiography, ultrasound, or aspiration to determine the contents of the swelling. Surgical intervention involves closing the abdominal wall defect, followed by careful postoperative care, including a restricted diet and limited activity to prevent strain on the surgical site and ensure proper healing. Prophylactic antibiotics are often prescribed.

II. Urinary Bladder Stones (Urolithiasis)

Urolithiasis, including bladder stones, is a prevalent issue in dogs and cats, often linked to dietary factors and hydration status. Insufficient water intake leads to concentrated urine, increasing the risk of mineral precipitation and stone formation. Diets imbalanced in calcium and phosphorus, or high magnesium content (especially in cats), also contribute significantly. Other forms of urolithiasis, affecting the kidneys and ureters, can also occur. Diagnosis involves physical examination (palpation), radiography (to visualize stones), and urinalysis (to analyze stone composition). Treatment depends on stone size, location, and the dog’s overall health. Small stones might be managed conservatively with increased fluid intake, dietary modifications (to alter urine pH and potentially dissolve stones), and medications to promote urinary excretion. However, larger stones usually necessitate surgical removal, followed by appropriate dietary management to prevent recurrence.

III. Pyometra (Uterine Infection)

Pyometra, a life-threatening condition, involves the accumulation of pus within the uterus. It primarily affects older, unspayed female dogs, and the risk increases with previous pregnancies or hormonal treatments. Clinical signs include lethargy, decreased appetite, increased thirst and urination, vomiting, and vaginal discharge (often purulent). As the infection progresses, the dog may become severely ill, exhibiting weight loss, dehydration, and potentially septic shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination (palpation of the enlarged uterus), abdominal radiography, ultrasound, and cytological examination of vaginal discharge. The most effective treatment is ovariohysterectomy (surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus). While medical management with antibiotics and medications to induce uterine contractions might be attempted in specific circumstances, it’s generally associated with a high risk of recurrence and is seldom the preferred course of action.

IV. Gastric Foreign Bodies

Ingestion of foreign objects is common, especially in puppies and young dogs. Symptoms depend on the size and nature of the object. Small, easily digestible items may pass through the digestive tract unnoticed, whereas larger or indigestible objects can cause obstruction, leading to vomiting (often non-productive), decreased appetite, lethargy, and abdominal pain. Radiography is crucial for diagnosis. Treatment depends on the object’s characteristics and location. Small, non-obstructive foreign bodies may be managed with induced vomiting or laxatives. However, surgical removal is necessary for larger objects or those causing obstruction. In cases of gastric dilation-volvulus (GDV), a life-threatening condition involving stomach twisting, immediate surgical intervention is vital.

V. Other Common Surgical Conditions:

Beyond those already discussed, other common surgical problems in dogs include:

Fractures: Requiring various treatment approaches depending on location and severity, from external or internal fixation to amputation.

Mammary Tumors: More frequent in older, unspayed females, these tumors can be benign or malignant. Surgical removal is the primary treatment, often accompanied by ovariohysterectomy to reduce recurrence.

Prolapses (Rectal, Vaginal): These involve the protrusion of tissues from their normal anatomical location, often requiring manual replacement or surgical correction.

This overview highlights the importance of regular veterinary check-ups, preventative measures (like spaying/neutering and appropriate diet), and prompt veterinary attention should any of these conditions be suspected. Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improve the chances of a positive outcome and ensure the well-being of your canine companion. Remember to always consult with a veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment of any health concerns.