Canine Kennel Cough: Clinical Symptoms

Canine kennel cough, also known as infectious canine tracheobronchitis, is an acute, highly contagious respiratory disease affecting dogs of all ages. While often self-limiting, it can lead to serious complications if left untreated, particularly in young or immunocompromised dogs. Understanding the clinical symptoms is crucial for early diagnosis and appropriate veterinary intervention. This disease is primarily caused by a combination of viruses, bacteria, and mycoplasma, often spreading rapidly in environments with close contact between dogs, such as kennels, shelters, dog parks, and veterinary clinics.

The clinical presentation of kennel cough is variable, ranging from mild, self-limiting symptoms to severe illness requiring hospitalization. The symptoms can be broadly categorized into those seen in uncomplicated cases and those associated with secondary bacterial infections or underlying conditions.

I. Uncomplicated Kennel Cough:

This form typically manifests in the summer and autumn months. The onset is often sudden, characterized by a hallmark symptom: a paroxysmal, harsh cough. This cough is frequently described as dry and may be followed by retching or vomiting, mimicking the act of vomiting. However, it’s important to distinguish this from true vomiting; the dog generally remains bright and active otherwise. The cough may be triggered by palpation of the trachea (the windpipe), though this isn’t always a prominent feature. Vocal cord swelling can also contribute to the cough and the production of mucus, which might be misinterpreted as vomit by owners. A history of recent contact with other dogs or exposure to a kennel environment within 3-7 days prior to symptom onset is often reported. In uncomplicated cases, the condition usually resolves spontaneously within a week without specific treatment.

II. Kennel Cough with Complicating Factors:

When kennel cough develops in dogs with underlying conditions or compromised immunity, the presentation is far more severe. This is especially true in dogs with unknown or incomplete vaccination histories for diseases like canine distemper, hepatitis, and parainfluenza. The severity is often amplified by secondary bacterial infections, frequently observed in dogs recently housed in kennels, pet shops, boarding facilities, or veterinary hospitals.

In these more serious cases, the clinical signs include:

Fever: A significant elevation in body temperature is a key indicator of a more serious infection.

Lethargy and Anorexia: The dog exhibits decreased activity levels and a loss of appetite, reflecting the systemic nature of the illness.

Respiratory Distress: Difficulty breathing, including rapid breathing (tachypnea) and labored breathing, can indicate significant lung involvement.

Ocular and Nasal Discharge: A mucopurulent (thick, pus-like mucus) discharge from the eyes and nose signifies bacterial involvement.

Pneumonia: In severe cases, kennel cough can lead to pneumonia, a life-threatening condition involving inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs. This is characterized by increased respiratory distress, potentially including audible wheezing or crackling sounds during breathing. Pneumonia requires immediate veterinary attention.

III. Detailed Breakdown of Clinical Symptoms:

The following is a more detailed description of commonly observed symptoms:

Cough: The most prominent symptom. It varies in intensity and character, ranging from a mild, hacking cough to a severe, forceful cough that may be accompanied by retching or vomiting. The cough can be aggravated by exercise, excitement, or irritation of the trachea.

Sneezing: This is often present, particularly in the early stages of the illness, reflecting irritation of the nasal passages.

Nasal Discharge: Can range from clear and watery to thick and mucopurulent. The color and consistency of the discharge can provide clues about the underlying cause and severity of the infection.

Ocular Discharge: Similar to nasal discharge, ocular discharge can range from watery to thick and purulent.

Lethargy: A noticeable decrease in energy levels and activity. The dog may be less playful and more inclined to sleep.

Anorexia: Loss of appetite and reluctance to eat. This is a common finding in dogs with systemic illness.

Fever: Elevated body temperature is indicative of an active infection.

Dyspnea (Difficult Breathing): Severe cases may show signs of labored breathing, including rapid breathing rate and visible effort to breathe.

Wheezing or Crackles: Audible sounds during breathing, often indicative of lung involvement.

It is crucial to emphasize that any dog exhibiting these symptoms should be examined by a veterinarian for prompt diagnosis and appropriate management. Early intervention can prevent progression to severe illness and improve the chances of a full recovery. Treatment may involve antibiotics to address bacterial infections, cough suppressants to alleviate discomfort, and supportive care such as fluid therapy and rest. Furthermore, maintaining a clean and hygienic environment for the affected dog is essential in preventing further spread of the infection.