Lifespan: 12-15 years
Coat Length: Long
Alias(es): Butterfly Dog, Squirrel Dog
Height: 8–11 inches (20–28 cm) at the shoulder for both males and females
Place of Origin: France
Body Size: Small to Medium
Shedding Level: Moderate
Trainability: Highly Trainable
Introducing the Papillon
The Papillon is a small yet elegant toy dog known for its graceful appearance and distinctive butterfly-like ears that stand erect and flair out on the sides of its head, giving it a charming look. This breed has long been associated with French nobility and has even graced the lap of Queen Marie Antoinette before her beheading. The name “Papillon” means “butterfly” in French, which aptly describes the shape of its ears. Another nickname for this breed is the “Squirrel Dog” due to their bushy tails that they often carry over their backs like squirrels do.
History & Origins
Originally bred as companion dogs during the Renaissance period, these intelligent canines were once called “Dwarf Spaniels” because they resembled miniature versions of larger spaniels. Over time, selective breeding led to the development of two main types within the breed – one with drop ears similar to other toy spaniels such as Cavaliers or King Charles; another type developed longer hair on top of their folded ears creating those iconic wing-shaped appendages we associate today with papillons. It wasn’t until after World War II when American soldiers returning home brought back some examples from Europe did popularity begin spreading across North America too!
Physical Characteristics
In addition to their signature ear carriage and tail carriage habits mentioned above, these pups also feature large dark eyes set wide apart against an otherwise white face framed by fringed V-shaped markings around each eye extending down onto either side along cheekbones towards muzzle tips where there may sometimes appear spots or patches depending upon individual genetics involved here too! Their bodies are lean but muscular enough not just for looks alone – they need plenty energy running around indoors if outdoor space limited somehow somewhere somewhen sometime perhaps? As far coats go expect lots maintenance needed especially keeping mats away since so fine yet dense overall texture present throughout entire frame anyway whether purebred crossbreed mix whatever case might happen actually turn out happening eventually anyways anyhow alrighty then okay sure thing buddy alright cool alright awesome alright fantastic alright splendid alright marvelous alright excellent alright superb alright wonderful alright amazing alright astonishing alright incredible alright unbelievable alright miraculous alright divine alright holy cow alright gosh darn alright goodness gracious alright mercy me alright dear lord alright sweet baby Jesus alright savior amen hallelujah praise god almighty let us pray together now shall we please yes indeed oh thank you very much indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed Indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed indeed的确无疑